Reserve head

Reserve head

Reserve head Artefact Details

Reserve head

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Reserve head

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Artefact Details

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Gallery number: 31 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: 4th Dynasty (2543-2436 BC)

Size: 25 cm

Place of discovery: Giza

Material: Limestone

The so-called “Reserve heads” (about thirty are known) have been found in the sarcophagus chambers of the mastabas belonging to high dignitaries at the time of the Fourth Dynasty. The function of these enigmatic sculptures made on limestone and subsequently modeled with plaster but without elements of social identification is still not clear and in this regard, there are several theories: representations of the tomb-owner, alternate home for the spirit of the deceased, magical purposes but there are no proofs.

Colossal statuary group of Amenhotep III

Colossal statuary group of Amenhotep III

Artefact Details

Gallery number: Central Hall – Ground Floor

Period: New Kingdom

Dynasty: 18th Dynasty, Reign of Amenhotep III (1390-1353 BC)

Size: Height: 700 cm, Width: 440 cm

Place of discovery: Thebes West – Temple of Amenhotep III

Material: Limestone

This statuary group (dyad) found in pieces by Auguste Mariette in 1839 dominates the Central Hall and is the largest artifact in the entire museum and represents the pharaoh Amenhotep III sitting on his throne with Queen Tiy at his side and their daughters Henuttaneb (in central position), Nebetah and another princess without name in smaller scale. The king is depicted with the classic nemes headdress and the queen with an imposing wig.

Head of Queen Hatshepsut

Head of Queen Hatshepsut

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 11 – Ground Floor

Period: New Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 18, reign of Hatshepsut (1479-1458 BC)

Size: Height: 61 cm, Width: 55 cm

Place of discovery: Thebes, Deir el-Bahari, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Material: Painted Limestone

This head comes from one of the twenty-four colossal Osiris statues that decorate the portico of the third terrace of her mortuary temple at Deir el Bahari. Hatshepsut was the sister-wife of Thutmosis II and become the fifth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. The queen is portrayed as Osiris with male attributes like the ceremonial beard and depicted with reddish-brown skin, a colour usually restricted to men in ancient Egyptian art, in contrast to the pale yellowish colour reserved for women.

Statue of King Mentuhotep II

Painted seated statue of the King Mentuhotp II (Mentuhotp - Nebhepetre)

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 26 – Ground Floor

Period: Middle Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 11, Reign of Mentuhotep II (ca. 1980-1940 BC)

Size: Height 138 cm

Place of discovery: Thebes West, Deir el-Bahari, Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II

Material: Painted Sandstone

This life-size seated statue of the king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II (names meaning: «The Lord of the rudder is Ra» and «Montu is satisfied») considered the reunifier of Egypt after the First Intermediate Period and the first king of the Middle Kingdom was discovered wrapped in fine linen in 1900 by Howard Carter inside the subterranean chamber of the mortuary complex of this king at Deir el Bahari (Thebes West). The king is represented seated on a cubic throne, wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt a short white cloak associated with the jubilee festival with the divine beard, the arms crossed and the hands that originally held the royal insignia, the crook, and the flail. The skin of the statue is painted in black color connected with the god Osiris with whom the king is identified.

Meidum Geese

Wall Painting of geese ("Meidum Geese")

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 32 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 4, Reign of Snefru (ca. 2575-2551 BC)

Size: Height: 29 cm, Length: 174 cm

Place of discovery: Meidum, Mastaba of Nefermaat

Material: Paint on plaster

Many tombs from ancient Egypt were plastered and painted. This technique was faster and more economical than relief-carving on stone and high-quality stone was not necessary for the production of high-quality works of art. This particular panel is exceptional in the skill in which it was painted. The scene contains six geese in two groups of three depicted in a garden. The plumage is beautifully rendered. Two different species of geese are accurately represented.
This painting is part of a larger scene in a tomb, the remains of which support the fact that this painting is genuine.

Statue of Seneb and his Family

Statue of Seneb and his Family

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 32 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: Late Dynasty 5 – Early Dynasty 6
(24th – 23rd Century BC)

Size: H. 43 cm, W. 22,5 cm

Place of discovery: Giza, Tomb of Seneb

Material: Painted Limestone

This group statue of Seneb and his family was found in a naos in his mastaba tomb in Giza. Seneb is represented seated, with his legs crossed, beside his wife who embraces him affectionately. His wife is of normal height. For the sake of the symmetry of the composition, the sculptor carves the couple’s two children where Seneb’s legs would have been, had he been of the same height as his wife. The children are represented naked, with their index fingers in their mouths–the standard manner in which children were typically depicted in art. The boy is seen on the viewer’s left, wearing a sidelock of youth and depicted in a darker skin than his sister’s, who stands on his left. The sidelock of youth was typically worn by male children and was cut off at puberty.

The inscriptions on the base and the front of the seat tell us that Seneb was the funerary priest of the deceased kings Khufu and Djedefra, and in charge of the royal wardrobe.

Seneb’s tomb is very interesting, for it has the first ceiling dome over a square chamber.

Rahotep and Nofret

Rahotep and Nofret

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 32 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 4, Reign of Snofru (ca. 2613-2589 BC)

Size: Height of Rahotep 121 cm;
Height of Nofret 122 cm

Place of discovery: Mastaba of Rahotep, Meidum

Material: Painted Limestone, eyes inlaid with rock-crystal, calcite and outlined with copper

These two statues represent prince Rahotep–son of Snofru and brother of Khufu–and his wife Nofret. They were created during the transitional period between the Third and Fourth Dynasties and are very good illustrations of the strict canons that governed the art of this period in Egyptian history. The two statues are very frontal and idealized, since they represented how the deceased figures wished to appear in the afterlife. Rahotep is painted reddish-brown, the colour men were customarily represented with, since they spent a great deal of time in the sun. Nofret is depicted in a pale yellowish colour, as most women were represented in ancient Egypt. Their pose is very typical of this time in ancient Egyptian history. The colours on these statues are extremely well preserved. This and their very realistic eyes, inlaid with rock-crystal, calcite, and outlined with copper make these statues among the most impressive pieces in the Egyptian Museum.

Statuette of Khufu (Cheops)

Statuette of Khufu (Cheops)

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 37 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 4, Reign of Khufu (ca. 2589 – 2566 BC)

Size: Height: 7,5 cm Lenght: 2,5

Place of discovery: Abydos (Upper Egypt) – Temple of Osiris at Kom el-Sultan

Material: Ivory

This small statue found in 1903 by the British archeologist Sir William Flinders Petrie is the only known three-dimensional representation of King Khufu (called by the Greeks Cheops), the builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Khufu is represented seated on a throne wearing the crown of Lower Egypt  (damaged) and holding a flail in his right hand. On the right side of the throne is carved his name: Khufu is the abbreviated form of “Khnum-khuefui” (Khnum protects me).

Scribe statue CG 36

Scribe statue CG 36

Artefact Details

Gallery number: 42 – Ground Floor

Period: Old Kingdom

Dynasty: Dynasty 5 (ca. 2465-2323 BC)

Size: Height 51 cm

Place of discovery: Saqqara

Material: Painted Limestone; Eyes: Rock Crystal, Calcite, Copper

During the Old Kingdom officials often commissioned statues for their tombs depicting themselves as scribes. Only a small percentage of the population was literate and therefore the ability to read and write opened up possibilities for economic and social advancement. Individuals desired to retain their status in the afterlife and so they were careful to include images in their tombs that reflected their status and their abilities. The standard scribal pose includes the legs crossed beneath a partially spread roll of papyrus. The right hand is positioned to hold a reed pen. Those who were literate possessed the power to make something exist by putting it into writing or by repeating written words. Repetition of the offering lists in a tomb would magically supply the deceased with all that they desired.

This exceptionally beautiful scribe statue is uninscribed; the name of the subject, therefore, remains unknown. This piece is skillfully sculpted. The facial features are well modeled and, unlike most stone statues, the arms are freed from the torso. The right hand would have been holding a reed pen, while the left holds the papyrus roll.

This iconic statue is currently the logo of the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University and has also inspired the logo of the Cairo International Book Fair.